2020年考研真题（1/1）

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Madrid was hailed as a public health bea st November when it rolled out ambitious restris on the most polluting cars. Seven months and oion day ter, a new servative city cil suspended enfort of the air zone, a first step toward its possible demise.

去年十一月，马德里针对污染最严重的汽车正式推出大规模管控措施时，被誉为公共卫生健康的楷模。七个月后大选日一过，由保守派掌控的新一届市议会随即中止了“清洁空气区”的执行，迈出了可能导致它被废除的第一步。尽管“清洁空气区”在改善空气质量方面取得良好效果，但市长何塞·路易斯·马丁内斯-阿尔梅达却将反对它作为竞选运动的核心主张。目前，一名法官推翻了市政府停止收取罚金的决议，责令恢复收取罚金。但是，司法拉锯战在前，“清洁空气区”的未来充其量只能说是前途难卜。

Mayor José Luis Martinez-Almeida made opposition to the zorepiece of his ele campaige its success in improving air quality. A judge has now overruled the city’s decision to stop levying fihem reinstated. But with legal battles ahead, the zone’s future looks uain at best.

马德里在清洁空气问题上的反反复复显而易见提醒着我们，欧洲各国(当然也包括英国)这种零碎的市级空气污染治理举措存在局限性。

Among other weakhe measures cities must employ wheo tackle dirty air on their oolitically tentious, and therefore vulnerable. That’s because they iably put the costs of ing the air on to individual drivers—who must pay fees or buy better vehicles—rather than on to the car manufacturers whose cheating is the real cause of our toxic pollution.

各大城市独力承担污浊空气治理之责，其被迫不得已而采取的措施具有很多薄弱点，其中之一是：会引发政治争议，因而极易招致攻击。这是因为，这些措施不可避免地将清洁空气的成本加诸司机个人——司机必须为污染付费或者买更好的车——而不是加诸汽车生产商，生产商的舞弊行为才是造成有毒污染的真正原因。不难想象，相似的逆转将在伦敦上演。“超低排放新区(Ulez)”很可能是明年伦敦市长选举的重大议题。如果萨迪克·汗获胜，而且一如他所计划的那样于2021年将“超低排放新区”扩展至南北环路，那么一定会激起“届时将受影响的、数量大得多的汽车车主”的强烈反对。

It’s not hard to imagine a simir reversal happening in London. The new ultra-low emission zone (Ulez) is likely to be a big issue i year's mayoral ele. And if Sadiq khan wins aends it to the North and South Circur roads in 2021 as he intends, it is sure to spark intense opposition from the far rger number of motorists who will then be affected.

并不是说伦敦Ulez这类措施无用。恰恰相反。严重威胁当前，地方官员正在运用他们所能使用的手段来保障居民健康。这些区域确实大大改善了空气质量，而且科学表明，空气质量改善意味着切实的健康收益。

It's not that measures such as London’s Ulez are useless. Far from it. Local officials are using the levers that are avaible to them to safeguard residents’ health in the face of a serious threat. The zones do deliver some improvements to air quality, and the sce tells us that means real health bes—fewer heart attacks, strokes and premature births, less cer, dementia and asthma. Fewer untimely deaths.

但是，针对这么一个影响范围远超一城一镇的(空气污染)问题，市长们、议员们所能做的也就仅此而已。他们之所以在行动，是因为各国政府——英国以及所有其他欧洲国家的政府——未能做出行动。

But mayors and cilors only do so much about a problem that is far bigger than any oy or town. They are ag because national govers—Britain’s and others across Europe—have failed to do so.

此类“禁止高污染汽车进入特定区域(如市中心、学区街道、甚至个别特殊道路)”限制措施的出台是因为“缺乏更大规模的行动以严格执行现有法规并要求汽车公司生产合规机动车”。威尔士公国现已推行特定低速限制以最小化污染。我们正在竭尽一切所能，却唯独没有坚决要求制造商“清洁”其汽车。

Restris that keep highly polluting cars out of certain areas—city tres, “school streets”, even individual roads—are a respoo the absence of a rger effort to properly enforce existiions and require auto pa their vehicles into pliance. Wales has introduced special low speed limits to minimise pollution. We’re doing everything but insist that manufacturers up their cars.

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Now that members of Geion Z are graduating college this spring—the most only-accepted definition says this geion was born after 1995, give or take a year—the attention has been rising steadily i weeks. Gen Zs are about to hit the streets looking for work in a bor market that’s tighter than it's been in decades. And employers are pnning on hiring about 17 pert more new graduates for jobs in the U.S. this year than st, acc to a survey ducted by the National Association of Colleges and Employers. Everybody wants to know how the people who will soon inhabit those empty office cubicles will differ from those who came before them.

由于一些乙世代成员——对这代人最普遍接受的定义是出生于1995年之后(可有一年出入)——今春即将大学毕业，近几周对他们的关注也在不断增长。Z世代即将涌入几十年来劳动力最为紧缺的职场，开启求职之旅。一项由美国大学和雇主协会开展的调查显示，在今年的美国，雇主计划比去年多雇佣约17%的应届毕业生。每个人都想知道，即将占据办公室空隔间的这些人与他们的前辈相比有何不同。

If “entitled” is the most on adjective, fairly or not, applied to millennials (those borween 1981 and 1995), the catchwords feion Z are practical and cautious. Acc to the career selors and experts who study them, Geion Zs are clear-eyed, eic pragmatists. Despite graduating into the best ey in the past 50 years, Gen Zs know what arain wreck looks like. They were impressionable kids during the crash of 2008, when many of their parents lost their jobs or their life savings or both. They aren't ied in taking ahe booming ey seems to have dotle to assuage this underlying geional sense of anxious urgency, especially for those who have college debt. College loan bances in the U.S. now stand at a record 1.5 trillion, acc to the Federal Reserve.

如果“有权享有”是最常用于形容千禧一代(出生于1981至1995年间)的词——无论恰当与否——那么描述Z世代的关键词就是“讲求实际”和“谨慎小心”。据职业顾问和研究Z世代的专家称，Z世代是头脑清醒的经济实用主义者。尽管毕业于五十年来最好的经济形势，但乙世代了解经济火车失事的惨状。2008年经济崩盘时他们正是敏感的孩子，当时许多父母丢掉了工作或毕生积蓄，甚或二者一并丧失。他们对冒险毫无兴趣。蓬勃发展的经济似乎并未减轻这一代人深刻的忧患意识，对于那些背负大学债务的人尤其如此。根据美联储的数据，美国大学贷款欠额已达创纪录的1.5万亿美元。

One survey from Ature found that 88 pert of graduating seniors this year chose their major with a job in mind. In a 2019 survey of Uy of Geia students, meanwhile, the career office found the most desirable trait in a future employer was the ability to offer secure employment (followed by professional development and training, and then inspiring purpose). Job security or stability was the seost important career goal(work-life bance was number one), followed by a sense of being dedicated to a cause or to feel good about serving the greater good.

埃森哲咨询公司一项调查发现，今年毕业的大四学生中，88%在当初选择专业时已有心目中的工作。与此同时，佐治亚大学就业办公室在2019年一项针对该校学生的调查中发现，未来雇主最受欢迎的品质是提供稳定工作的能力(其后分别是职业发展及培训、激励人心的企业宗旨)。工作保障或稳定是第二重要的职业目标(最重要的是“工作与生活平衡”)，随后是事业奉献感或服务于宏大高尚事业的满足感。

That’s a big ge from the previous geion. “Millennials wanted more flexibility in their lives,” anya Michelsen, Associate Director of YouthSight, a UK-based brand mahat ducts regur 60-day surveys of British youth, in findings that might just as well apply to Ameri youth. “Geion Zs are looking for more certainty and stability, because of the rise of the gig ey. They have troubles seeing a financial future and they are quite risk averse.”

这和前一代人比起来是一个巨大转变。“千禧一代希望生活有更多的灵活性，”YouthSight 副总监塔尼娅·米切尔森在可能同样适用于美国青年的调查发现中表示(YouthSight是英国一家品牌管理公司，每60天对英国青年展开定期调查)。“由于零工经济的崛起，Z世代寻求更多的确定性和稳定性。他们难以看到经济前景，极力规避风险。”